Donaldson argues that only a few passages (e.g., Pss. Sol. 17:28) clearly envisage a continued existence of non-Jews as non-Jews.85 It seems evident, however, that within “this strand of Jewish thinking, the inclusion of the Gentiles in the final consummation was an essential part of Israel’s expectations and self-understanding.”86 According to Paul within Judaism scholars, Paul firmly believed that non-Jews were to be included in the final salvation without giving up their ethnicity; that is, they